It’s the unavoidable series of questions Christine Goulet gets every time she’s asked what she does for a living.
“When is the next big earthquake coming? Do you know where? When should we get ready?” Goulet, director of the U.S. Geological Survey’s Earthquake Science Center in Los Angeles, told USA TODAY. “It’s almost without fail once they know I study earthquakes. If I received a dollar every time I’m asked, I’d be rich.”
Goulet has answers, but she can’t predict the future.
The ominous truth: The Big One could happen any time, and there’s more than one possible “Big One.”
“It’s gonna happen. An earthquake could be in a matter of minutes, the next hour, tomorrow, or in a week from now, we can’t predict that precisely at this time. We don’t know,” Goulet said. “But the point in general is we want and need to prepare for them.”
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The most authoritative research on the risk to California was conducted in 2015, but little has changed in the past decade. The state will almost certainly face a magnitude 6.7 or larger earthquake within the next three decades, the USGS concludes. Some of the most at-risk locations are San Francisco and Los Angeles.
California’s continuous temblor risk coincides with a huge earthquake brewing along the Cascadia Subduction Zone off the coast of the Pacific Northwest.
San Francisco Bay Area faces high chances of getting a Big One
With nearly four dozen faults in the region stretching from Napa to Monterey, the San Francisco Bay Area has a 72% chance of a major quake registering 6.7 magnitude or higher by 2043, USGS researchers previously estimated.
The findings also indicate that the Bay Area has a 51% chance of experiencing an earthquake with a magnitude of 7 and a 20% chance of measuring a magnitude of 7.5 or higher within that time frame.
“The earthquake threat is very real,” said Richard Allen, a professor at the University of California, Berkeley and the director of the Berkeley Seismology Lab. “It is a real challenge as we have to take that long-term view, but also not to live our lives in fear.”
In December, thousands in the Bay Area and across Northern California were worried after a magnitude 7 earthquake struck along a sparsely populated northern coast of California, triggering a tsunami warning across a swath of the West Coast stretching from southern Oregon to San Francisco.
Traci Grant, 53, a public relations specialist who felt the quake in San Francisco, told USA TODAY at the time she felt her retrofitted apartment move in slow motion.
“It just kept going and going,” Grant said. “It was scary and a bit exciting at the same time. It was more of a roll than just shake, shake, shake.”
A magnitude 7.0 earthquake struck near the town of Petrolia in California Thursday at 10:44 a.m. local time, generating a tsunami warning stretching from southern Oregon to San Francisco.
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Less than two hours after the initial quake, some areas experienced 13 different aftershocks, ranging from 5.1 to 3.1, the USGS reported. Two hours after that, at least 39 aftershocks of at least a 2.5 magnitude occured in the region, authorities said. No earthquake-related injuries or major damages were reported.
Goulet said if the quake had been directly on land, “the impact would’ve been more devastating.”
Goulet said December’s quake magnitude conjured up the Great San Francisco Earthquake and Fire of 1906. It was a nearly minute-long 7.9 magnitude quake followed by a fire that burned for three days, destroying thousands of buildings.
The San Francisco quake killed an estimated 3,000 people and destroyed roughly 80% of the city. It is known as one of the deadliest in U.S. history. Allen also noted the 1868 Hayward Fault earthquake that struck the heart of the Bay Area and killed 30 people.
With all the Bay Area faults, Allen said his research shows there’s a “two-in-three chance” the Big One could be soon.
“We’re overdue for a recurrence,” Allen said.
The last major earthquake in the Bay Area occurred more than a decade ago, when an earthquake rattled Napa Valley in 2014.
The 6.0 magnitude quake in Wine Country killed one person and injured 300 people. The incident caused more than $1 billion in damage across Napa and neighboring cities, including Vallejo, California, which took years to rebuild.
Then there was the Loma Prieta earthquake that rocked the San Francisco Bay Area in 1989, killing 63 people and injuring nearly 3,800 others. The earthquake disrupted the World Series and damaged the Bay Bridge, Oakland’s Cypress Freeway, and swaths of San Francisco. It caused up to $10 billion in damage.
“There’s this perception that large quakes are frequent, but actually, they are quite rare,” Goulet said. “We just don’t know when they will happen.”
Los Angeles is ripe for a Big One as well
The Los Angeles area also stands a chance of getting a major earthquake, as there’s a 60% chance of a 6.7 magnitude quake within the next 30 years, the USGS said.
Additionally, there is also a 46% probability that a 7.0 magnitude earthquake will hit L.A. and a 31% chance a 7.5 magnitude quake will strike during that same period.
Allen, the Berkeley seismologist, said Southern California has just as high an earthquake risk compared to its Northern California counterparts. “They face a similar threat, if not higher,” Allen said.
Goulet added that with Los Angeles and the surrounding areas being so populous (nearly 18.6 million residents according to California Finance Department statistics), there is a high probability for major destruction. She cites the disastrous 6.7 earthquake in Northridge, California, in 1994, which killed 60 people and injured more than 7,000.
The devastation also left thousands of buildings and structures collapsed or damaged across Los Angeles, Ventura, Orange and San Bernardino counties. Thousands of residents became homeless as the aftermath caused between $13 billion to $20 billion in damages.
“The closer an earthquake is to a large population, the greater the impact will be,” Goulet said.
Goulet also points to a sequence of earthquakes in 2019 in Ridgecrest, California. A 7.1 magnitude earthquake rattled the city two days after an initial 6.4 magnitude quake. Goulet was among a USGS on-site team researching the first quake when, surprisingly, the second temblor struck.
“It was terrifying,” Goulet said. “We were there taking measurements and just as we were finishing our work and planning for the next day, the second one occurred about six miles away from us. That was extremely close.”
Goulet said she remembers reassuring panicked residents that everything would be okay.
“That’s why we cannot specifically predict earthquakes, when and where they will occur and how big they will be,” Goulet added. “But what we can do is collect all of the research that causes earthquakes and the probabilities, which are called probabilistic seismic hazard analysis.”
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How to prepare for an earthquake disaster
Huge earthquakes have long been an existential crisis for millions along the West Coast, as described in a 2022 USA TODAY article. But experts said there are real things people can do to help them prepare for a major disaster.
If you experience an earthquake, Sarah Minson, a research geophysicist with the USGS’s Earthquake Science Center in Mountain View, California, advises not to run.
“If you feel shaking, you should drop, cover and hold on to protect yourself,” Minson said. “Don’t go anywhere. Don’t run outside. A huge number of the injuries that occur in earthquakes are people stepping on broken glass or trying to run during the shaking and falling down.”
Allen, the Berkeley seismologist, recommends that households create an earthquake plan, including where they will meet and possibly have a bag or suitcase ready for at least a couple of days.
Residents will at least want a flashlight and a way to charge their phone. They should also be prepared to have access to electricity or water cut off for days or weeks.
Here are a few practical tips:
When trying to use your phone, text – don’t call. In a disaster, text messages are more reliable and strain cell networks less.
To power your phone, you can cheaply buy a combination weather radio, flashlight and hand-crank charger to keep your cell running even without power for days.
A cash reserve is good to have, USGS seismologist Lucy Jones previously said. You’ll want to be able to buy things, even if your credit card doesn’t work for a time.
Simple things like securing bookshelves can save lives. Downloading an early warning app can give you precious moments to protect yourself in the event of a big quake. Buying earthquake insurance can protect homeowners. And taking part in a yearly drill can help remind you about other easy steps you can take to prepare.
What am I supposed to do during an earthquake?
It depends on where you are at.
Here’s what to do in the following situations, according to Ready.gov:
Turn face down and cover your head and neck with a pillow if you’re in bed.
If you are outside, stay outdoors and away from buildings.
If you are inside, stay. Avoid doorways and do not run outside.
To protect yourself during an earthquake, drop down to your hands and knees and hold onto something sturdy. Cover your head and neck with your arms and crawl underneath a sturdy table or desk to shelter. If that’s not available to you, then crawl next to an interior wall to get away from windows. If you are under a table or desk, hold onto it with one hand so that if it moves, you can move with it.
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What if I’m driving during an earthquake?
Slow down and pull over as soon as it’s safe, according to the California Highway Patrol. Remain in the vehicle with your seat belt fastened, engine off, and parking brake set. Once the shaking stops, check your vehicle for damage and its occupants for injuries. Only begin driving when it is safe to do so. Once you can start moving again, do so slowly and cautiously, avoiding any areas of the road that appear to be damaged or obstructed, and continue to avoid bridges and ramps.
What have been the biggest earthquakes in recorded California history?
California’s largest recorded earthquakes since 1800, ranked by magnitude, according to the California Department of Conservation.
7.9: Jan. 9, 1857 in Fort Tejon Two killed; created 220-mile surface scar
7.8: April 18, 1906 in San Francisco Possibly 3,000 killed; 225,000 displaced
7.4: March 26, 1872 in Owens Valley. 27 killed; three aftershocks of magnitude >6
7.4: Nov. 8, 1980 just west of Eureka Injured 6; $2 million in damage
7.3: July 21, 1952 in Kern County 12 killed; included three magnitude 6-plus aftershocks in five days
7.3: June 28, 1992 in Landers. One killed; 400 injured; $9.1 million in damage
7.2: Jan. 22, 1923 in Mendocino. Damaged homes in several towns
7.2: April 25, 1992 in Cape Mendocino. 356 injuries; $48.3 million in damage
7.1: Nov. 4, 1927 southwest of Lompoc. No major injuries, slight damage in two counties
7.1 : Oct. 16, 1999 in Ludlow. Minimal damage due to remote location
When was the last big earthquake in California?
The most recent significant earthquake in the state — either a magnitude of 6.5 or greater or that caused loss of life or more than $200,000 damage — was the 6.4-magnitude earthquake that occurred in the Pacific Ocean near Ferndale in 2022, according to the state department of conservation, which tracks “big” earthquakes in California.
That earthquake struck in the early morning hours multiple miles west of Ferndale on Dec. 20, 2022, USA TODAY reported. It indirectly caused two deaths and damaged homes and roads in Humboldt County.
You can track earthquakes recorded within the last 30 days in America and internationally through USGS’ latest earthquakes map, though USGS cautions it should not be considered a complete list of earthquakes.
California Connect reporter Paris Barraza contributed to this report.
This article originally appeared on Palm Springs Desert Sun: Is California ‘overdue’ for a major earthquake? Earthquake safety tips